ABSTRACT
The field entomological studies and surveys carried out in 72 tribal districts out of 100 in seven penninsular States namely, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Rajasthan indicated that in most of the areas the vector mosquitoes encountered during the present study were almost the same as recorded by the earlier workers except that Anopheles fluviatilis James, 1902 was recorded in the areas of district Raipur, Durg, Bilaspur, Raigarh, Shahdol, Rajnandgaon, Barwani and Janjgir of Madhya Pradesh, and Sundergarh of Orissa during the present survey. This vector was not recorded in earlier studies by other workers. An. culicifacies Giles, 1901 was not found in present survey in East Godavari and Vishakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh and Ganjam and Koraput of Orissa where this mosquito was found in collections earlier. Similarly, An. fluviatilis was not encountered during the present field study in Bhilwara of Rajasthan, Phulbani and Kalahandi of Orissa, Thane, Nanded and Nasik of Maharashtra and Bharuch of Gujarat state. During this study An. fluviatilis was noted to be mostly endophilic whereas earlier workers noted this mosquito to be exophilic in a large number of districts. The majority of the tribal districts seem to be under the influence of two malaria vectors, An. culicifacies and An. fluviatilis and these tribal districts are maintaining a high malaria endemicity with predominance of Plasmodium falciparum infection. In the present study, the transmission seasons were noted to be longer than recorded earlier in the districts of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Orissa. In the remaining states it is almost similar as recorded earlier.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anopheles/classification , Behavior, Animal , Humans , India , Insect Vectors/classification , Malaria, Falciparum/transmission , Rural PopulationABSTRACT
The impact of spraying Deltamethrin 2.5% w.d.p. @ 20 mg/m2 and its comparison with Malathion 25% w.d.p. @ 2 gr./m2 was assessed in Rameshwaram Island, Tamil Nadu. Monitoring of entomological and parasitological indices revealed that due to deltamethrin spray malaria transmission could be effectively interrupted and a significant reduction in malaria cases was achieved. P. falciparum cases also showed a significant reduction whereas in the comparison malathion areas reduction in malaria cases or in pf cases was not recorded.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anopheles , Humans , India/epidemiology , Insecticides , Malaria/epidemiology , Malathion , Mosquito Control/methods , Nitriles , PyrethrinsABSTRACT
A filariasis survey carried out about eight years after achieving zero microfilaria (mf) rates following administration of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) medicated salt in the Kani hill tribe settlements in Quilon and Thiruvananthapuram districts of Kerala State revealed that there was no reappearance of Brugia malayi infection in the experimental areas. Mf rates were maintained at zero level in the experimental villages, while in the control villages, 2.9 per cent mf positives were observed. Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis dissected did not reveal filarial infection. It is concluded that DEC medicated salt regime in the experimental areas of Kani hill tribe settlements has been successful in effectively interrupting B. malayi transmission. Pilot studies in other B. malayi endemic areas of India using DEC medicated salt regime with the objective of eliminating B. malayi transmission are advocated, since the parasite has a restricted distribution in India and is already showing a declining trend.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anopheles/parasitology , Brugia malayi/isolation & purification , Culex/parasitology , Diethylcarbamazine/administration & dosage , Filariasis/parasitology , Humans , India , Sodium, Dietary , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
A resurvey conducted 8 years later in the Union Territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli revealed the persistence of filariasis amongst its residents. Though no control measures have been in operation since the detection of filariasis in Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1982, the parasitological indices, microfilaria (mf) and disease rates as well as mf count have remained static. The entomological studies revealed five times increase in density of Culex quinquefasciatus both in Silvassa and Naroli towns.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Child , Culex/growth & development , Elephantiasis, Filarial/epidemiology , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Insect Vectors/growth & development , Male , Microfilariae/isolation & purification , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Wuchereria bancrofti/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
A case control study was undertaken in rural areas of Varanasi, U.P., to study the relationship of Culex quinquefasciatus landing on microfilaria--carriers and amicrofilaraemic controls. No statistically significant difference was observed in the vector landing in these two groups.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Case-Control Studies , Child, Preschool , Culex/parasitology , Filariasis/epidemiology , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant, Newborn , Male , Microfilariae/parasitology , Middle Aged , Rural Health , Specimen Handling/methodsABSTRACT
Out of the 61 water samples collected from hand pumps and wells from cholera endemic areas of Varanasi City, Vibrio cholerae non 01 was detected in only one sample. However, seven (18.9 per cent) samples out of 37 samples of river water were positive for V. cholerae non 01. None of the samples showed Vibrio cholerae. These observations indicate transmission and dilution of Vibrio cholerae bacillus in environment.
Subject(s)
Cholera/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Humans , India/epidemiology , Vibrio cholerae/isolation & purification , Water MicrobiologyABSTRACT
Of 2186 persons investigated in thirteen villages of Sillaberia PHC, 19 were found to be infected with Brugia malayi and only one person harboured microfilaria (mf) of Wuchereria bancrofti. Similarly 41 persons exhibited signs and symptoms of chronic filariasis. The mf and disease rates percent worked out to be 0.914 and 1.87 respectively. The earliest ages showing mf and disease manifestations were 3 and 11 respectively. The mean mf density ranged from 2 to 12.2 per 20 cumm of blood. The male and female ratio in terms of mf carriers and chronic cases worked out to be 1.4:1 and 1:2 respectively. The entomological collections revealed a high ten man hour density (163.20) in case of Culex quinquefasciatus and comparatively much lower in case of Mansonia (Mansonioides) annulifera (47.51) and Mansonia (Mansoni oides) uniformis (23.83) respectively. The infection and infectivity rates in case of Mansonia (Mansonioides) annulifera were 6.1 and 1.2 per cent respectively.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Brugia , Carrier State/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Comorbidity , Culicidae , Elephantiasis, Filarial/complications , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Insect Vectors , Male , Middle Aged , Wuchereria bancroftiABSTRACT
Culex quinquefasciatus have been found to breed in about 29 per cent of the wells in semi-urban area and 14 per cent of the wells in rural areas of Varanasi at one time or other. Majority of such wells are used-ones. Effectiveness of Poecillia reticulata, Esomus danrica and Trichogaster fasciatus in controlling well breeding is evaluated in the present study with successful results.
Subject(s)
Animals , Culex , Cyprinodontiformes , Fishes , India , Larva , Mosquito Control , Poecilia , Water SupplyABSTRACT
Twenty-seven cases of Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (P. K. D. L.) were detected in an endemic focus of Kala-azar in Sujabad village in Varanasi Distt. Male-Female ratio of cases was 4.4:1. Majority (66.6 per cent) of cases had macular lesions. Histopathology of one case showed Leishmania donovani (L. D.) bodies. Densities of sand fly were more in pockets where P. K. D. L. cases were detected. All the 13 cases, which were treated with sodium antimony gluconate, responded well to therapy.